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The Apostrophe
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You should use an apostrophe to form the possessive case of a noun or to show that you have left out letters in a contraction. Note that you should not generally use contractions in formal, academic writing.
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Punctuation
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The Dash
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As noted in the section on commas, you can use a dash at the beginning and end of parenthetical information. Usually, you will use dashes when you want to emphasise the information, but you might also use them if the parenthetical information is too long or abrupt to be set off with commas.
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Punctuation
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Pronoun Reference
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A pronoun's antecedent may be either a noun or another pronoun, but in either case, it must be clear what the antecedent is.
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Using Pronouns
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Tricky Points of Pronoun Usage
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This section covers some relatively tricky points which are no longer standard in spoken English, though many people still insist upon them in formal writing.
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Using Pronouns
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Noun and Pronoun Characteristics
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In addition to their various classifications, nouns pronouns have three major characteristics: case, number, and gender.
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Using Pronouns
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Compound Verbs
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You construct a compound verb out of an auxiliary verb and another verb.
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Using Verbs
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Auxiliary Verbs
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The most common auxiliary verbs are "be," "do," and "have", and you may also use these verbs on their own. You use "Will" and "shall" to express future time.
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Using Verbs
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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
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Depending on the type of object they take, verbs may be transitive, intransitive, or linking.
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Using Verbs
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Linking Verbs
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A linking verb connects a subject to a subject complement which identifies or describes the subject, as in the following sentences:
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Using Verbs
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Verbals
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A verbal is a noun or adjective formed from a verb. Writers sometimes make mistakes by using a verbal in place of a verb, and in very formal writing, by confusing different types of verbals. This section covers three different verbals: the participle (which acts as an adjective), the gerund (which acts as a noun), and the infinitive (which also acts as a noun).
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Using Verbs
